Thursday, 3 January 2013

From the collection: Pair of stunning shell casings: Souvenir de Ste Mihiel 1914-1918

I was asked by a collector from Blackpool to provide him with photographs of this pair before Christmas. Unfortunately I have only just got around to it today, and thought that I would share them on here too for the benefit of other readers.






These were bought from one of the top Militaria Shops in Paris on my visit last year, and they are the best quality that I have ever seen. I presume that they were created by a silver or goldsmith with the delicacy and intricacy of the work. The nearest that I can find in images is in Jane A Kimball's book 'Trench Art an Illustrated History'. (For anyone with an interest in all things trench art, it is a must have, and I can often be found with my nose buried in it)!


For those with access to the book, the illustrations numbered 9.37, 9.38 and 9.40 are the closest that I can find to this quality of work. The illustrations are from pieces from the Reims Workshop, however these are distinguished by the inscription of 'Reims' at at the bottom of the decorative work, which this pair do not have. According to Kimball:

" Workshops employing skilled artisans created high quality decorated shell casings at Reims and Verdun after the war for sale to battlefield tourists. The workshop at Reims produced particularly beautiful work, and similar pieces marked 'Verdun' suggest that some of the same artists may have produced pieces for both centres." (Page 295)







As men of all classes, types and skills were called up during the war, it is possible that these were actually made in the trenches, however, as with many pieces, their provenance is lost in the mists of time.





The design can be seen to be of Morning Glory flowers, leaves and buds with a crowned rim. It is beautifully rendered with delicate chasing, stippling, embossing and punching. The engraved inscription on both shell casings is:

Souvenir
de
Snt Mihiel
1914-1918


This I believe to be a later addition, as the quality of the engraving would not seem to be of sufficient quality when compared to the rest of the decoration. It would not be unusual for pieces to be bought and then inscribed with battles or towns that were important to the person purchasing the piece. 



There is some damage to one as can be seen in the photographs, one of the petal at the rim has been broken off, and on the other casing, there is some slight cracking to one or two of the petals. I believe that this is an inherent flaw within the design, as to the way that the rim petals were decorated creating a basic instability and fragility that nearly one hundred years of wear and tear have taken its toll. Having said this, I knew this when I bought them and to me it is part of the history and does not detract from the overall aesthetic.





I think that these are stunning pieces and if anyone has any further information as to where they may have been made, I would love to know.

My photo stream from Flicker has been added to the blog with more photographs for those that are interested. http://www.flickr.com/photos/trenchartswordsintoploughshares/

I researched St Mihiel after buying these and found it quite fascinating. It was only a quick look on the internet, but I think that it is worth giving you a little taster of what I found. Here is the page from Wikipedia:

Battle of Saint-Mihiel

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  (Redirected from St. Mihiel Offensive)
Battle of Saint-Mihiel
Part of First World War
Battle of St. Mihiel 01.jpg
American engineers returning from the St. Mihiel front
Date12 September– 19 September 1918
LocationSaint-Mihiel salient, France
ResultAllied victory
Belligerents
 United States
 France		 German Empire
Commanders and leaders
John J. PershingGeorg von der Marwitz
Strength
American Expeditionary Force - containing 14 divisions (550,000 men)
French Army - containing 4 divisions (48,000 men)		German Fifth Army - containing 10 divisions
Casualties and losses
7,0002,000 dead and 5,500 wounded [1]
The Battle of Saint-Mihiel was a World War I battle fought between September 12–15, 1918, involving the American Expeditionary Force and 48,000 French troops under the command of General John J. Pershing of the United States against German positions. The United States Army Air Service (which later became the United States Air Force) played a significant role in this action.[2][3]
This battle marked the first use of the terms 'D-Day' and 'H-Hour' by the Americans.
The attack at the St. Mihiel Salient was part of a plan by Pershing in which he hoped that the United States would break through the German lines and capture the fortified city of Metz. It was one of the first U.S. solo offensives in World War I and the attack caught the Germans in the process of retreating.[3] This meant that their artillery were out of place and the American attack proved more successful than expected. Their strong blow increased their stature in the eyes of the French and British forces, but again demonstrated the critical role of artillery during World War I and the difficulty of supplying the massive World War I armies while they were on the move. The U.S. attack faltered as artillery and food supplies were left behind on the muddy roads.[1] The attack on Metz was not realized, as the Germans refortified their positions and the Americans then turned their efforts to the Meuse-Argonne offensive.[4]

Contents

  [hide] 

[edit]Background: Saint-Mihiel salient

Saint-Mihiel is a town in the Meuse department in north-eastern France. Since the end of the 1870 Franco-Prussian War the town was no longer considered important strategically and military installations were not developed. This changed early in World War I with the town inside the battlefront.
In 1914 the German command wished to take the Verdun fortifications which formed a strong point in the French lines. A first attempt, at Bois-le-Pretre (Priesterwald in German), failed despite violent fighting. During two more attempts (Battle of Flirey) German troops took Saint-Mihiel and the fort at Camp des Romains, but they were ultimately stopped at the Fort de Troyon to the South of Verdun.
During the course of the war the battlefront did not change much in this area. Saint-Mihiel formed a salient inside the French lines, blocking communications between Nancy and Verdun. The area near St. Mihiel would know much fighting:[5]
  • The Crête des Éparges (Les Éparges crest): February–April 1915.[6][7]
  • The Bois d'Ailly (Ailly Wood) and the Tranchée de la Soif (Trench of Thirst): isolated behind German lines, Commander André's men fight three days without food or water before surrender in May 1915.[8]
  • Bois Brûlé (The Burned Forest): many casualties when German conquer a redoubt on December 1914. It's here that the sub-officer Jacques Péricard pronounced the famous words: "Debout les morts!" (Dead men, arise!) on 8 April 1915.[9]
  • The forêt d'Apremont (Apremont forest), the Tête à vache (Cow's head) trenches, Calonne trenches…
But despite French attacks the German forces were able to retain this strategic location until the last months of the war.

[edit]Prelude

General Pershing
General John Pershing thought that a successful Allied attack in the region of St. Mihiel, Metz, and Verdun would have a significant effect on the German army.[3] General Pershing was also aware that the area's terrain setting first dictated that the restricted rail and road communications into Verdun (restrictions that had been imposed by the German attack during the Battle of Flirey) be cleared, and that a continuation of the attack to capture the German railroad center at Metz would be devastating to the Germans. After these goals were accomplished, the Americans could launch offensives into Germany proper.[2]

[edit]Weather reports

The weather corps of Corps I Operation Order stated: "Visibility: Heavy driving wind and rain during parts of day and night. Roads: Very muddy."[2] This would pose a challenge to the Americans when the order to advance was given. In some parts of the road, the men were almost knee-deep in mud and water. After five days of rain, the ground was nearly impassible to both the American tanks and infantry.[1] Many of the tanks were wrecked with water leakage into the engine, while others would get stuck in mud flows. Some of the infantrymen developed early stages of trench foot, even before the trenches were dug.[4]

[edit]German defensive positions

Map of the Battle
Prior to the American operation, the Germans installed many in-depth series of trenches, wire obstacles, and machine-gun nests.[3] The battlefields' terrain included the nearby premises of three villages: Vigneulles, Thiaucourt, and Hannonville-sous-les-Cotes. Their capture would accelerate the envelopment of the German divisions near St. Mihiel. The American forces planned to breach the trenches and then advance along the enemy's logistical road network.[2]
The Germans knew many details about the Allied offensive campaign coming against them. One Swiss newspaper had published the date, time, and duration of the preparatory barrage. However, the German Army stationed in the area of St. Mihiel lacked sufficient manpower, firepower and effective leadership to launch a counter-attack of its own against the Allies.[1] Thus, the Germans decided to pull out of the St. Mihiel Salient and consolidate their forces near the Hindenburg Line. The Allied forces discovered the information on a written order to the German Group Armies von Gallwitz.[4]

[edit]Allied tank support

Although the AEF was new to the French theater of war, they trained hard for several months in preparation of fighting against the German armies. The use by the British of tanks at the Battle of Cambrai in 1917[3] impressed General Pershing so much that he ordered the creation of a tank force to support the AEF's infantry. As a result, by September 1918, Colonel George S. Patton Jr. had finished training two tank battalions - 144 French-built FT-17 light tanks organized as the 344th and 345th battalions of the United States Tank Corps - at Langres, France for an upcoming offensive at the St. Mihiel salient.[10] In addition to the AEF tanks, the attack was supported by a further 275 French tanks (216 FT-17's and 59 Schneider CA1heavy tanks) of the French 1st Assault Artillery Brigade; a total of 419 tanks.[11]

[edit]Battle

The St. Mihiel offensive began on 12 September with a threefold assault on the salient. The main attack was made against the south face by two American corps. On the right was the I Corps (from right to left the 82d, 90th, 5th, and 2d Divisions in line with the 78th in reserve) covering a front from Pont-à-Mousson on the Moselle westward to Limey; on the left, the IV Corps (from right to left the 89th, 42d, and 1st Divisions in line with the 3rd in reserve) extending along a front from Limey westward to Marvoisin. A secondary thrust was carried out against the west face along the heights of the Meuse, from Mouilly north to Haudimont, by the V Corps (from right to left the 26th Division, the French 15th Colonial Division, and the 8th Brigade, 4th Division in line with the rest of the 4th in reserve). A holding attack against the apex, to keep the enemy in the salient, was made by the French II Colonial Corps (from right to left the French 39th Colonial Division, the French 26th Division, and the French 2d Cavalry Division in line). In First Army reserve were the American 35th, 80th, and 91st Divisions. The Allies also mobilized 1,481 aircraft to provide air superiority and close air support over the front.
Defending the salient was German "Army Detachment C", consisting of eight divisions and a brigade in the line and about two divisions in reserve. The Germans, now desperately short of manpower, had begun a step-by-step withdrawal from the salient only the day before the offensive began. The attack went so well on 12 September that Pershing ordered a speedup in the offensive. By the morning of 13 September the 1st Division, advancing from the east, joined hands with the 26th Division, moving in from the west, and before evening all objectives in the salient had been captured. At this point Pershing halted further advances so that American units could be withdrawn for the coming offensive in the Meuse-Argonne sector.

[edit]Order of Battle, First Army, 12 September 1918

Section source: OAFH[12]
First Army (United States) - Gen. John J Pershing
Note

[edit]Aftermath

General Pershing's operational planning of St. Mihiel separated the salient into several sectors. Each Corps had an assigned sector, by boundaries, that it could operate within. The American V Corps location was at the northwestern vertices, the II French Colonial Corps at the southern apex, and the American IV and I Corps at the south-eastern vertices of the salient.[1] Furthermore, General Pershing's intent was obvious; to envelope the salient by using the main enveloping thrusts of the attack against the weak vertices. The remaining forces would then advance on a broad front toward the direction of Metz. This pincer action, by the IV and V Corps, was to drive the attack into the salient and to link the friendly forces at the French village of Vigneulles, while the II French Colonial Corps kept the remaining Germans tied down.[2]
One reason for the American forces' success at St. Mihiel was General Pershing's thoroughly detailed operations order. Pershing's operation included detailed plans for penetrating the Germans' trenches, using a combined arms approach to warfare.[3] His plan had tanks supporting the advancing infantry, with two tank companies interspersed into a depth of at least three lines, and a third tank company in reserve. The result of the detailed planning was an almost unopposed assault into the salient. The American I Corps reached its first day's objective before noon, and the second day's objective by late afternoon of the second.[4]
Another reason for the American success was the audacity of the small unit commanders on the battlefield. Unlike other officers that commanded their soldiers from the rear, Colonel Patton and his subordinates would lead their men from the front lines.[1] They believed that a commander's personal control of the situation would help ease the chaos of the battlefield.[2]

[edit]References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Battle of St. Mihiel
Notes
  1. ^ a b c d e f Giese (2004)
  2. ^ a b c d e f Hanlon (1998)
  3. ^ a b c d e f History of War (2007)
  4. ^ a b c d Spartacus (2002)
  5. ^ http://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/page/affichelieu.php?idLieu=3111&idLang=en
  6. ^ http://www.en.verdun-tourisme.com/file-introduction_musee-1542-UK-V-EPARGES-DECOUVRIR_SE_SOUVENIR.html
  7. ^ http://eng.verdun.fr/Universal-city/Verdun-and-World-War-I/1914-on-the-outskirts-of-Verdun
  8. ^ http://www.warwalker.co.uk/reims/reimstour10.shtml
  9. ^ http://lesaillantdesaintmihiel.fr/pages/brule.htm
  10. ^ Hofmann, page 7
  11. ^ Hofmann, page 11
  12. ^ Mauer, Mauer (1979). US Air Services in WWI: The Battle of St. Mihiel, Volume III. Office of Air Force History, Headquarters USAF, Wash. DC. Stock Number 008-070-00385-6. Appendix A: Order of Battle, First Army, 12 September 1918 pp.713-714, p.683(50th AS)
Bibliography

[edit]See also



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